Over the course of the planet's 4.5 billion-year history, several supercontinents have formed and broken up, a result of churning and circulation in the Earth's mantle, which makes up 84% of the ...

Geologists have discovered remnants of Earth's mantle that have persisted for over 2.5 billion years. The ancient rocks were less oxidized than modern ones, indicating that they were exposed to ...

It creates the Earth's magnetic field and is about 1,400 miles (2,300 kilometers) thick. The next layer is the mantle. Many people think of this as lava, but it's actually rock. The rock is so hot ...

The plates make up Earth's outer shell, called the lithosphere. (This includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle.) Churning currents in the molten rocks below propel them along like a ...

Think Earth is just a static rock? Dive deep, and you'll find a dynamic world where metals leak, water seeps, and its insides ...